STL之一:字符串用法詳解
字符串是程序設計中最複雜的變成內容之一。STL string類提供了強大的功能,使得許多繁瑣的編程內容用簡單的語句就可完成。string字符串類減少了C語言編程中三種最常見且最具破壞性的錯誤:超越數組邊界;通過違背初始化或被賦以錯誤值的指針來訪問數組元素;以及在釋放了某一數組原先所分配的存儲單元後仍保留了“懸掛”指針。
string類的函數主要有:
Member functions
- (constructor)
- Construct string object (public member function )
- (destructor)
- String destructor (public member function )
- operator=
- String assignment (public member function )
Iterators:
- begin
- Return iterator to beginning (public member function )
- end
- Return iterator to end (public member function )
- rbegin
- Return reverse iterator to reverse beginning (public member function )
- rend
- Return reverse iterator to reverse end (public member function )
- cbegin
- Return const_iterator to beginning (public member function )
- cend
- Return const_iterator to end (public member function )
- crbegin
- Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse beginning (public member function )
- crend
- Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse end (public member function )
Capacity:
- size
- Return length of string (public member function )
- length
- Return length of string (public member function )
- max_size
- Return maximum size of string (public member function )
- resize
- Resize string (public member function )
- capacity
- Return size of allocated storage (public member function )
- reserve
- Request a change in capacity (public member function )
- clear
- Clear string (public member function )
- empty
- Test if string is empty (public member function )
- shrink_to_fit
- Shrink to fit (public member function )
Element access:
- operator[]
- Get character of string (public member function )
- at
- Get character in string (public member function )
- back
- Access last character (public member function )
- front
- Access first character (public member function )
Modifiers:
- operator+=
- Append to string (public member function )
- append
- Append to string (public member function )
- push_back
- Append character to string (public member function )
- assign
- Assign content to string (public member function )
- insert
- Insert into string (public member function )
- erase
- Erase characters from string (public member function )
- replace
- Replace portion of string (public member function )
- swap
- Swap string values (public member function )
- pop_back
- Delete last character (public member function )
String operations:
- c_str
- Get C string equivalent (public member function )
- data
- Get string data (public member function )
- get_allocator
- Get allocator (public member function )
- copy
- Copy sequence of characters from string (public member function )
- find
- Find content in string (public member function )
- rfind
- Find last occurrence of content in string (public member function )
- find_first_of
- Find character in string (public member function )
- find_last_of
- Find character in string from the end (public member function )
- find_first_not_of
- Find absence of character in string (public member function )
- find_last_not_of
- Find non-matching character in string from the end (public member function )
- substr
- Generate substring (public member function )
- compare
- Compare strings (public member function )
Member constants
- npos
- Maximum value for size_t (public static member constant )
Non-member functions overloads
- operator+
- Concatenate strings (function )
- relational operators
- Relational operators for string (function )
- swap
- Exchanges the values of two strings (function )
- operator>>
- Extract string from stream (function )
- operator<<
- Insert string into stream (function )
- getline
- Get line from stream into string (function )
1.string對象的定義和初始化
初始化string對象的幾種方式有:
- string s1;//默認構造函數,s1為空串
- string s2(s1);//將s2初始化為s1的一個副本
- string s3("value");//將s3初始化為value
- string s4(n,'c');//將s4初始化為字符'c'的n個副本
- string s5(s4,0,3)//從s4中下標為0的字符開始,連續取3個字符構成s5
- string s6 = s5 + "value";//value 接在s5後麵,注意+操作符的左右操作數至少有一個是string類型的
- 迭代器創建, 由於可將string看作字符的容器對象,因此可以給string類的構造函數傳遞兩個迭代器,將它們之間的數據複製到心的string對象中。
#include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { string s1("How are you"); string s2(s1.begin(),s1.end()); string s3(s1.begin()+4,s1.begin()+7); cout<<s1<<endl; cout<<s2<<endl; cout<<s3<<endl; return 0; }
2.string 對象的讀寫
string對象的讀寫可以通過兩個方式:
- 通過cin從標準輸入中讀取,cin忽略開題所有的空白字符,讀取字符直至再次遇到空白字符,讀取終止。
- 用getline讀取整行文本,getline函數接受兩個參數:一個輸入流對象和一個string對象。getline函數從輸入流的下一行讀取,並保存讀取的內容到string中,但不包括換行符。和輸入操作符不一樣的是,getline並不忽略開頭的換行符。即便它是輸入的第一個字符,getline也將停止讀入並返回。如果第一個字符就是換行符,則string參數將被置為空string。
3.string對象的插入操作
字符串一般通過包括首字符前、尾字符後、任意位置插入等幾種情況。
#include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { string s1("do"); cout<<"Initial size is:"<<s1.size()<<endl; s1.insert(0,"How "); s1.append(" you"); s1 = s1 + " do ?"; cout<<"Final size is:"<<s1.size()<<endl; cout<<s1<<endl; return 0; }程序運行結果如下:

通過該函數可以得出:
- insert函數,第一個參數表明插入源串的位置,第二個參數表麵要插入的字符串,因此利用該函數可以實現串首、串尾及任意位置處的字符串插入功能。
- append函數,僅有一個輸入參數,在源字符串尾部追加該字符串。
- 利用+實現字符串的連接,從而創建新的字符串。
4.替換操作
常用的是replace函數,有三個輸入參數:第一個用於指示從字符串的什麼位置開始改寫,第二個用於指示從源字符串中刪除多少個字符,第三個是替換字符串的值。
#include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { string s1("I love you forever !"); cout<<"替換前:"<<s1<<endl; s1.replace(7,3,"dachun"); cout<<"替換後"<<s1<<endl; return 0; }程序運行結果如下:

5.查詢操作
查詢常用的函數有:
- string::npos:這是string類中的一個成員變量,一般應用在判斷係統查詢函數的返回值上,若等於該值,表明沒有符合查詢條件的結果值。
- find函數:在一個字符串中查找指定的單個字符或字符組。如果找到,就返回首次匹配的開始位置;如果沒有找到匹配的內容,則返回string::npos。一般有兩個輸入參數,一個是待查詢的字符串,一個是查詢的起始位置,默認起始位置為0.
- find_first_of函數:在一個字符串中進行查找,返回值是第一個與指定字符串中任何字符匹配的字符位置;如果沒有找到匹配的內容,則返回string::npos。一般有兩個輸入參數,一個是待查詢的字符串,一個是查詢的起始位置,默認起始位置為0.
- find_last_of函數:在一個字符串中進行查找,返回值是最後一個與指定字符串中任何字符匹配的字符位置;如果沒有找到匹配的內容,則返回string::npos。一般有兩個輸入參數,一個是待查詢的字符串,一個是查詢的起始位置,默認起始位置為0.
- find_first_not_of函數:在一個字符串中進行查找,返回值是第一個與指定字符串中任何字符都不匹配的字符位置;如果沒有找到匹配的內容,則返回string::npos。一般有兩個輸入參數,一個是待查詢的字符串,一個是查詢的起始位置,默認起始位置為0.
- find_last_not_of函數:在一個字符串中進行查找,返回下標值最大的與指定字符串中任何字符都不匹配的字符位置;如果沒有找到匹配的內容,則返回string::npos。一般有兩個輸入參數,一個是待查詢的字符串,一個是查詢的起始位置,默認起始位置為0.
- rfind函數:對一個串從尾至頭查找指定的單個字符或字符組,如果找到,就返回首次匹配的開始位置;如果沒有找到匹配的內容,則返回string::npos。一般有兩個輸入參數,一個是待查詢的字符串,一個是查詢的起始位置,默認起始位置為0.
#include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { string s1("what's your name? my name is TOM. How do you do? Fine,thanks."); int n = s1.find("your"); cout<<"the first your pos:"<<n<<endl; n = s1.find("you",15); cout<<"the first you pos begin from 15:"<<n<<endl; n = s1.find_first_of("abcde"); cout<<"find pos when character within abcde:"<<n<<endl; n = s1.find_first_of("abcde",3); cout<<"find pos when character within abcde from third character:"<<n<<endl; return 0; }
程序運行結果如下:

6.刪除字符操作
主要用erase函數,有兩個迭代器輸入參數,之間表示的字符將被刪除掉。
#include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { string s1("what's your name? my name is TOM. How do you do? Fine,thanks."); s1.erase(s1.begin(),s1.begin()+17); cout<<"after erase to s1 is:"<<s1<<endl; string s2 = "i love you forever!"; s2.erase(s2.begin(),s2.end()); cout<<"after erase to s2 is"<<s2<<endl; return 0; }程序運行結果如下:

7.比較操作
主要是一句ASCII值來比較大小。若字符串s1“大於”s2,表明兩者相比較時遇到了第一對不同的字符,字符串s1中第一個不同的字符比字符串s2中同樣位置的字符在ASCII表中位置更靠後。
C++ STL提供了多鍾字符串比較方法,他們各具特色。其中最簡單的就是使用非成員的重載運算符函數operator==、operator!=、operator>、operator<、operator>=和operator<=。
最後更新:2017-04-04 07:03:42