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Linux 默認根目錄的作用說明（中英文對照）
對於linux新手來說，最感到迷惑的問題之一就是文件都存在哪裏呢？特別是對於那些從windows轉過來的新手來說，linux的目錄結構看起來有些奇怪哦。所以，在這裏講一下linux下的主要目錄以及它們都是用來幹什麼的。
/
This is the root directory. The mothership. The home field. The one and only top directory for your whole computer. Everything, and I mean EVERYTHING starts here. When you type ‘/home’ what you’re really saying is “start at / and then go to the home directory.”
/
這就是根目錄。對你的電腦來說，有且隻有一個根目錄。所有的東西，我是說所有的東西都是從這裏開始。舉個例子：當你在終端裏輸入“/home”，你其實是在告訴電腦，先從/（根目錄）開始，再進入到home目錄。
/root
This is where the root user lives. The root user is the god of your system. Root can do anything, up to and including removing your entire filesystem. So be careful using root.
/root
這是係統管理員（root user）的目錄。對於係統來說，係統管理員就好比是上帝，它能對係統做任何事情，甚至包括刪除你的文件。因此，請小心使用root帳號。
/bin
Here’s where your standard linux utilities(read programs) live — things like “ls” and “vi” and “more”. Generally this directory is included in your path. What this means is that if you type ‘ls’, /bin is one of the places your shell will look to see if ‘ls’ means anything.
/bin
這裏存放了標準的（或者說是缺省的）linux的工具，比如像“ls”、“vi”還有“more”等等。通常來說，這個目錄已經包含在你的“path”係統變量裏麵了。什麼意思呢？就是：當你在終端裏輸入ls，係統就會去/bin目錄下麵查找是不是有ls這個程序。
/etc
Here’s where the administrative and system configuration stuff lives. For instance, if you have samba installed, and you want to modify the samba configuration files, you’d find them in /etc/samba.
/etc
這裏主要存放了係統配置方麵的文件。舉個例子：你安裝了samba這個套件，當你想要修改samba配置文件的時候，你會發現它們（配置文件）就在/etc/samba目錄下。/dev
Here’s where files that control peripherals live. Talking to a printer? Your computer is doing it from here. Same goes for disk drives, usb devices, and other such stuff.
/dev
這裏主要存放與設備（包括外設）有關的文件（unix和linux係統均把設備當成文件）。想連線打印機嗎？係統就是從這個目錄開始工作的。另外還有一些包括磁盤驅動、USB驅動等都放在這個目錄。
/home
Here’s where your data is stored. Config files specific to users, your Desktop folder(whick makes your desktop what it is), and any data related to your user. Each user will have their own /home/username folder, with the exception of the root user.
/home
這裏主要存放你的個人數據。具體每個用戶的設置文件，用戶的桌麵文件夾，還有用戶的數據都放在這裏。每個用戶都有自己的用戶目錄，位置為：/home/用戶名。當然，root用戶除外。
/tmp
This is the Temporary folder. Think of it as a scratch directory for your Linux system. Files that won’t be needed by programs once their used once or twice are put here. Many Linux systems are set to automatically wipe the /tmp folder at certain intervals, so don’t put things you want to keep here.
/tmp
這是臨時目錄。對於某些程序來說，有些文件被用了一次兩次之後，就不會再被用到，像這樣的文件就放在這裏。有些linux係統會定期自動對這個目錄進行清理，因此，千萬不要把重要的數據放在這裏。/usr
Here’s where you’ll find extra utilities that don’t fit under /bin or /etc. Things like games, printer utilities, and whatnot. /usr is divided into sections like /usr/bin for programs, /usr/share for shared data like sound files or icons, /usr/lib for libraries whick cannot be directly run but are essential for running other programs.Your package manager takes care of the things in /usr for you.
/usr
在這個目錄下，你可以找到那些不適合放在/bin或/etc目錄下的額外的工具。比如像遊戲阿，一些打印工具拉等等。/usr目錄包含了許多子目錄：/usr/bin目錄用於存放程序；/usr/share用於存放一些共享的數據，比如音樂文件或者圖標等等；/usr/lib目錄用於存放那些不能直接運行的，但卻是許多程序運行所必需的一些函數庫文件。你的軟件包管理器（應該是“新立得”吧）會自動幫你管理好/usr目錄的。
/opt
Here’s where optional stuff is put. Trying out the latest Firefox beta? Install it to /opt where you can delete it without affecting other settings. Programs in here usually live inside a single folder whick contains all of their data, libraries, etc.
/opt
這裏主要存放那些可選的程序。你想嚐試最新的firefox測試版嗎？那就裝到/opt目錄下吧，這樣，當你嚐試完，想刪掉firefox的時候，你就可以直接刪除它，而不影響係統其他任何設置。安裝到/opt目錄下的程序，它所有的數據、庫文件等等都是放在同個目錄下麵。
舉個例子：剛才裝的測試版firefox，就可以裝到/opt/firefox_beta目錄下，/opt/firefox_beta目錄下麵就包含了運行firefox所需要的所有文件、庫、數據等等。要刪除firefox的時候，你隻需刪除/opt/firefox_beta目錄即可，非常簡單。
/usr/local
This is where most manually installed(ie. outside of your package manager) software goes. It has the same structure as /usr. It is a good idea to leave /usr to your package manager and put any custom scripts and things into /usr/local, since nothing important normally lives in /usr/local.
/usr/local
這裏主要存放那些手動安裝的軟件，即不是通過“新立得”或apt-get安裝的軟件。它和/usr目錄具有相類似的目錄結構。讓軟件包管理器來管理/usr目錄，而把自定義的腳本（scripts）放到/usr/local目錄下麵，我想這應該是個不錯的主意。
/media
Some distros use this folder to mount things like usb disks, cd or dvd drives and other filesystems.
/media
有些linux的發行版使用這個目錄來掛載那些usb接口的移動硬盤（包括U盤）、CD/DVD驅動器等等。
最後更新：2017-04-02 16:47:37