[筆記]Python虛擬機的運行時基本知識
首先應該了解程序的運行時刻環境,個人覺得龍書中文版第7章挺通俗易懂的。Python在這方麵設計了PyFrameObject這個結構(對應於龍書中的“活動記錄”)來維護運行時環境,並采用了“訪問鏈”的思想(龍書中介紹了“訪問鏈”和“顯示表”)來解決不同作用域間變量的訪問問題。
不過在PyFrameObject中維護了3個成員,用來指向最經常使用的3個符號表,內置符號表、全局符號表、局部符號表:
PyObject *f_builtins; /* builtin symbol table (PyDictObject) */ PyObject *f_globals; /* global symbol table (PyDictObject) */ PyObject *f_locals; /* local symbol table (any mapping) */
這樣可以避免在訪問全局變量、內建變量時還要通過“訪問鏈”上的回溯來搜索。
PyFrameObject通過如下成員來維護“訪問鏈”(或者稱“符號表鏈”、“名字空間鏈”):
struct _frame *f_back; /* previous frame, or NULL */
關於Python的作用域,有一些規則。
最內嵌套作用域規則:由一個賦值語句引進的名字在這個賦值語句所在的作用域裏是可見(起作用)的,而且在其內部嵌套的每個作用域裏也可見,除非它被嵌套於內部的,引進同樣名字的另一條賦值語句所遮蔽/覆蓋。
LEGB:符號表的搜索順序是Local -> Enclosing Function -> Global -> Built-in
一個比較常見而且經典的案例是UnboundLocalError,見如下代碼:
x = 10 def foo(): print(x) x += 1 foo()
這一段代碼會出現如下錯誤:
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment
這個問題可以用下麵兩段話來解答:
This is because when you make an assignment to a variable in a scope, that variable becomes local to that scope and shadows any similarly named variable in the outer scope. Since the last statement in foo assigns a new value
to x, the compiler recognizes it as a local variable. Consequently when the earlier print x attempts
to print the uninitialized local variable and an error results.
Otherwise, all variables found outside of the innermost scope are read-only (an attempt to write to such a variable will simply create a new local
variable in the innermost scope, leaving the identically named outer variable unchanged).
第二個URL,即官方文檔也說明了LEGB規則:
- the innermost scope, which is searched first, contains the local names
- the scopes of any enclosing functions, which are searched starting with the nearest enclosing scope, contains non-local, but also non-global names
- the next-to-last scope contains the current module’s global names
- the outermost scope (searched last) is the namespace containing built-in names
上麵討論了幀對象PyFrameObject和作用域、符號表等,下麵是比較大的概念:關於Python虛擬機的運行時環境。
虛擬機的具體實現位於ceval.c中的PyEval_EvalFrameEx函數中。
函數開頭首先定義了如下變量:
register PyObject **stack_pointer; /* Next free slot in value stack */ register unsigned char *next_instr; register int opcode; /* Current opcode */ register int oparg; /* Current opcode argument, if any */ register enum why_code why; /* Reason for block stack unwind */
含義可以從注釋中看出,比如next_instr表示下一條指令,why表示棧展開的原因。
PyEval_EvalFrameEx是一個非常龐大的函數,擁有龐大的switch/case語句數目來執行各種指令。
函數中提供了幾個訪問指令的宏:
/* Code access macros */ #define INSTR_OFFSET() ((int)(next_instr - first_instr)) #define NEXTOP() (*next_instr++) #define NEXTARG() (next_instr += 2, (next_instr[-1]<<8) + next_instr[-2]) #define PEEKARG() ((next_instr[2]<<8) + next_instr[1]) #define JUMPTO(x) (next_instr = first_instr + (x)) #define JUMPBY(x) (next_instr += (x))
此外,在運行時需要涉及的還有線程和進程,Python使用的是係統原生的線程/進程,並使用PyThreadState和PyInterpreterState對象來進行抽象和維護。
在PyEval_EvalFrameEx函數開頭,也定義了tstate變量,並把當前線程狀態賦值給該變量:
PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
接著設置線程狀態對象中的幀:
tstate->frame = f;
然後再設置幀的一些信息:
co = f->f_code; names = co->co_names; consts = co->co_consts; fastlocals = f->f_localsplus; freevars = f->f_localsplus + co->co_nlocals; first_instr = (unsigned char*) PyString_AS_STRING(co->co_code); next_instr = first_instr + f->f_lasti + 1; stack_pointer = f->f_stacktop; assert(stack_pointer != NULL); f->f_stacktop = NULL; /* remains NULL unless yield suspends frame */
最後,進入switch/case:
switch (opcode) {
P.S. “訪問鏈”的形成是在PyFrame_New函數中,幀的f_back成員指向當前線程狀態對象的frame成員。
JasonLee 2011.08.20 20:18
最後更新:2017-04-02 22:16:33